Cultural Diversity Essay - 1637 Words

Cultural Diversity Children should be exposed to all segments of society. Youngsters learning with children of different races, nationalities, and religions tend to be more tolerant and accepting of individual differences. They learn customs, beliefs and rituals of classmates that maybe quite different from what they have been taught. Youngsters learning in an environment of diversity are well prepared to deal more effectively in society after they complete their education. A mutual respect and understanding of other cultures removes barriers and stereotypes. Individual differences need to be threatening. In fact, knowledge of other cultures helps a person realize and appreciate the similarities more than the differences. It is most†¦show more content†¦Parents could choose a private school or public one; and in either case the voucher money would go to the school. The voucher system blurs the distinction between public and private schools. The downside is that the voucher system might produce a lowering of the standards of the public school system and money would be drained as well. It also might produce a racial or ethnic balkanization of society.(www.angelfire.com/hi2/hawaiiansovereighty/publicprivatespecialbasic. html). A voucher system would be a mute point if the public and private sectors were comparable. Equality for all socio-economic classes An educational system should allow every student to reach his or her potential. The concept of equality is clearly stated in the Encyclopedia Britannica, The constitution guarantees...freedom of opinion, expression, press, publication, assembly and association... any political party based on race, religion, region, or language is forbidden.(Encyclopedia Britannica). It would appear that an educational system that ignores this guarantee violates the spirit as well as the letter of the law. In fact, the delivery of education varies dramatically based on the socio-economic level of a community. More affluent areas have the tax base and the resources to provide the best education possible. Top salaries attract the best and the brightest teachers. In this environment, specificShow MoreRelatedDiversity And Cultural Diversity1288 Words   |  6 PagesCultural diversity is defined as â€Å"the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society† (Google diversity). A s we continue down the path of globalization it becomes important to reflect on the ever-changing landscape of society and the values people may have in them. This applies both towards society and the work place in which society must operate. Companies like Ernst Young, ATT, and Comcast acknowledge the changing landscape and are leading the charge towards becoming aRead MoreCultural Diversity and Louie2086 Words   |  9 Pagesencouraged to work in groups without ethnocentrism. Through working in a group with conversation, Louie can learn and understand others’ feelings. 4) Workforce diversity has been a great challenge for manager. Do you agree with this statement? Justify. For us, we agree with the statement which workforce diversity has been a great challenge for manager. It makes manager’s life difficult. Employees may have problems among themselves which need attention from managers and managers alsoRead More Cultural Diversity Essay480 Words   |  2 Pages Cultural Diversity: Campus Climates and Classroom Instruction American Society has been and continues to become increasingly mixed, complex, and variegated in its cultural practices and ethnic make up. However, the state schools have fallen short of race goals established thirty-one years ago in a desegregation case now known as Geier v. Sundquist. The University of Tennessee at Knoxville has notoriously had one of the worst recruiting efforts for diversifying undergraduates. This realization makesRead MoreA Cultural Diversity Training Program1213 Words   |  5 PagesWith many organizations expanding and becoming more global organizations, whose businesses deal with other countries, cultural diversity becomes more challenging. That is why it is important for organizations to create a cultural diversity training program to encourage employee from different backgrounds to come together and learn each other s belief system which can enhance the organization s ability to problem-solve. To do this successfully an organization needs to create an organizationalRead MoreDemographic Diversity And Cultural Diversity1700 Words   |  7 PagesDEMOGRAPHIC AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY GOPI KRISHNA CHALLA RIVIER UNIVERSITY Demographic and Cultural Diversity ABSTRACT The research is concerning Organizational Behavior which includes unusual types of Organizations with dissimilar types of public behaviors. Among that Demographic Diversity and Cultural Diversity of an Organization is extremely significant to turn into a triumphant organization or company in the marketplace Especially the Demographic and Cultural Diversity show the in goodRead MoreReflection Paper On Cultural Diversity1815 Words   |  8 PagesFinal Reflection Paper During this summer semester, I have learned many important skills concerning my internship at Retreat of Lancaster County. These skills can be divided into four categories - social and cultural diversity, helping relationships, group work, and assessment. Retreat of Lancaster County is an inpatient drug and alcohol rehabilitation center with both rehab and detox levels. At this location, I have been able work with patients entering recovery for alcohol use, heroin use, prescriptionRead MoreCultural Diversity And Team Performance Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesThe journal paper ‘Cultural diversity and team performance: The role of team member goal orientation’ by (Pieterse, Van Knippenberg Van Dierendonck,2013) is to investigate the members goal orientation in the relationship between performance and cultural diversity. The contribution of Pieterse, Van Knippenberg Van Dierendonck (2013) is that they have developed and test the theory under the CEM model on how achieve ment setting stimulates the team member goal orientations that affect performanceRead MoreGraduation Speech : Cultural Diversity1316 Words   |  6 PagesWhen I originally set out to start this project, I started out wanting to explore how books could be used to address diversity in the classroom in terms of the students’ cultural backgrounds. After spending time in my classroom, I came to the realization that investigating this question would be a challenge, due to the fact that I was only able to observe a handful of situations where students interacted with books, much less books that included aspects of culture. In my classroom, books that incorporatedRead MoreThe Importance Of Cultural Diversity On Education1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Cultural Diversity In Education It is Carmen’s first day in her very first English speaking classroom, ever. She is beyond nervous, petrified of what the first day in her new classroom might entail. As the clock approaches 8 AM, a ton of questions are running through her head. Should I say â€Å"hi† or â€Å"hello† to my classmates? What if they can hear my accent? What if they can smell the chorizo my mom packed in my lunch? What was the little girl’s name I just met outside? What if theRead MoreDiversity And Cultural Issues Of Tesol Education1545 Words   |  7 PagesEDUC600 I001 Fall 15 Final Reflection Journal: Diversity and Cultural Issues in TESOL Education During the course entitled Diversity and Cultural Issues in TESOL Education, issues of diversity and culture, as well as methods, strategies, and approaches for engaging English language learners were examined. Students all over the world learn English for a variety of reasons. Some students must study English as a requirement. Other students may wish to travel, study abroad, or work in the global marketplace

Art Therapy Essay - 1292 Words

â€Å"Art therapy is a form of therapy in making of visual images (paintings, drawings, models etc.) in the presences of a qualified art therapist contributes towards externalization of thoughts and feelings which may otherwise remain unexpressed†(Walter Gilory, 1992). My vision of Art Therapy was very vague. I always thought art therapy was a form of therapy for distressed or abused children trying to tell a story through pictures or drawings. The American Art Therapy Association defines art therapy as a mental health profession that uses the creative process of art making to improve and enhance the physical, mental, and emotional well being of individuals of all ages. Art therapy is a form psychotherapy that has been practiced for over†¦show more content†¦People living with Autism Spectrum Disorder, use art therapy to improve social skills. Epps (2008) believes art therapy is necessary for children with this disorder because autistic people are mostly visual, concrete thinkers. This form of therapy helps them solve problems visually. Epps (2008) states that visual characteristics of art help patients, who often experience anxiety in social settings, to relax and enjoy themselves while they are learning social skills in a carefully cont rolled environment. The therapist use art therapy as a component in training for social skills because they believe it will increase the participation in children, simply because they find art acceptable. This form of therapy is great for Autistic people because it helps them deal with their issues in a non threatening way. It also helps the therapist see what the person is going through if the person is not ready to â€Å"talk† about their feelings. For someone living with HIV/AIDS, I can only imagine all the negative thoughts that consume their minds on a daily basis. People living with this condition experience a great deal of fatigue, pain, peripheral nerve dysfunction, nausea, loss of appetite, depression, and headache (Rao, 2009). Symptoms associated with HIV/AIDS can be physical as well as psychological. One strategy to help them cope is art therapy, it helps the patients manage their symptoms mentally. Therapists working with these patients take the interventionShow MoreRelatedArt Therapy Essay2790 Words   |  12 PagesWhat Is Art Therapy? Most forms of therapy are centered on verbal communication. Art therapy, however, breaks that mold and introduces a more creative means of both communicating ideas and learning to grow. The American Art Therapy Association defines art therapy as: Art therapy is a mental health profession in which clients, facilitated by the art therapist, use art media, the creative process, and the resulting artwork to explore their feelings, reconcile emotional conflicts, foster self-awarenessRead MoreArt Therapy As An Industry2159 Words   |  9 PagesArt Therapy Art therapy as an industry is surrounded by many questions. Questions that are led by a lack of conclusive evidence. Art Therapy has multiple techniques and options, though many are left undiscovered due to such controversy surrounding the industry. Art Therapy can help lead to countless diagnoses, anything from Alzheimer’s to depression; and can be used in marriage counselling or physical ailments. With so many uses, why is this form of therapy still looked down upon by such a vastRead MoreAdlerian Art Therapy Dissertation849 Words   |  3 Pagesthe expression that art is a projection of the soul. Art gives us the way to not only express ourselves, but as well as tell a story that our conscious mind cannot. From some, they believe art is simply a hobby, or perhaps something that only hangs in museums; however, many others, and I as well, believe that art has the â€Å"powers† to be something more than what the subject has previously been defined as. While art is qui te has been stereotyped in such way as â€Å"decorations or [art] hang[ing] in a museumRead MoreArt Therapy And The Creative Process1708 Words   |  7 Pages What is art therapy and does it really work? When one thinks of a therapist and an artist you think of two vastly different people. With therapy being a scientific, analytical study and art a very free and creative one, but when the two are combined they create a strong outlet for a lot of youth. Physical and mental health are very serious matters and are both subjects that children may find hard to talk about. Traditional therapy in some cases can have good outcomes, but for children itRead MoreArt Therapy And Graphic Design1617 Words   |  7 Pagesa future career, both art therapy and graphic design are appealing and possible options for me, but which is the better? Art therapy is just what it sounds like, art combined with therapy. When stated like this it sounds easy and simple, however it is a quite complex and intricate occupation; like a professor trying to solve a complex equation, where the professor is the art therapist and he or she is trying to solve the problem the student is having. Specifically, an art therapist’s goal is toRead More Creative Art Therapy: Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesCreative Art Therapy: Creative art therapy is a technique that implements theory of three major schools of thought: PSYCHODYNAMIC HUMANISTIC BEHAVIORISM „Y Uses: Therapists use this implementation of theory and introduce this technique to the client at the appropriate time to facilitate creativity, personal growth, and therapeutic change. PSYCHDYNAMIC Creative art therapy can be used as a medium to capture hidden impulses, and emotions. This technique also helps to explore unconsciousRead MoreMode Of Design : Art Therapy967 Words   |  4 PagesMode of Design Although art therapy is a new practice in psychotherapy, art has always been a form of communication since the beginning of the human history. Evidence is found from the finding 40,000 years ago during the Aurignacian period, on a cave painting found in EL Castillo Cave, Cantabria Spain. Since then, art had become an instrument for self-expression and symbolism. However, it was not until the 1940’s that the therapeutic use of art was then define and develop into a distinct disciplineRead MoreEssay about Art Therapy498 Words   |  2 PagesIf there was one thing about kindergarten and grade school that we enjoyed the most would probably be arts and crafts time. We got a break from the mind-boggling math problems, but we also could have time to draw pictures of whatever we wanted to take home to our parents. You know the routine....teacher places a blank sheet of paper in front of you, decorates the table with tons of crayons and markers, and lets us go at it for a good twenty minutes or so until we have a finished product, right? ButRead MoreInformative Speech About Art Therapy809 Words   |  4 Pagesso far. CENTRAL IDEA: Art Therapy is not a common career choice when looking at popular jobs in the workforce; however, it is both a very interesting psychological and artistic career. PURPOSE STATEMENT: I want to bring awareness to this interesting career and hopefully inform more people about its potential outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE: Information on this career can help broaden people’s perspectives and help them to look at the results of both healing through art and art in general. CREDIBILITY:Read More Art Therapy Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesArt Therapy How does Art Therapy help in maintaining a persons health or helping them get well from a sickness?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before finding the answer to this question it is necessary to understand the background, history, and importance of what Art Therapy is. First of all Art Therapy is a form of psychotherapy. In psychotherapy there is an exploration of feelings and concerns in nonverbal and verbal exercises that use simple visual art materials. Art therapy focuses on the creative process for

Hospital Associated Infections-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategies used by the Hospitals to Control Hospital Associated Infections. Answer: According to this post, a major safety concern for the patients and the health care providers is the HAIs. This statement has been further opined by Mehta et al. (2015), HAIs is the leading cause behind the increase cases of morbidity, mortality along with increased hospital stay and these increase the cost of the treatment. The post highlighted in detail the need of the surveillance system in hospitals for HAIs. Usually hospitals employ robust surveillance system for contextualizing the HAI burden. However, the post did not highlight that apart from employing the surveillance system, hospitals also implement several other practical strategies in order to control the spread of contagious infection among the health care professionals and patients during their stay in the hospital (Lowman 2016). Patients who are suffering from diarrhoea, neutropenia, skin rashes or other known communicable diseases are kept in isolation in the intensive care unit. Neutropenic patients when kept in isolation reduce the chances of getting infected with opportunistic infections. This isolation strategy is also applicable for the patients who are at an increased risk of getting affected with the nosocomial infections (Mehta et al. 2014). Other strategies that are employed by the hospitals in order to control the HAIs include proper observance of hand hygiene, proper sterilization of the hospital instruments and tools and uniforms like gowns, gloves, surgical utensils and tools. This is followed by the use of patient care instrument like mask which helps in the protection of airborne infection, gloves which helps in the prevention of contact infection and laboratory coat which protects from droplet precautions (Mehta et al. 2014). The post could have mentioned about urinary tract infection (UTI), another major cause of morbidity and mortality arising out of the HAIs. Strategies that are used to control UTI include: proper sterilization of catheter before use, period replacement of the catheter, aseptic insertion of catheter and maintenance of closed drainage system (Mehta et al. 2014). References Lowman, W., 2016. Active surveillance of hospital-acquired infections in South Africa: Implementation, impact and challenges.South African Medical Journal,106(5), pp.489-493. Mehta, Y., Gupta, A., Todi, S., Myatra, S.N., Samaddar, D.P., Patil, V., Bhattacharya, P.K. and Ramasubban, S., 2014. Guidelines for prevention of hospital acquired infections.Indian journal of critical care medicine: peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine,18(3), p.149.

Poe In the Fall House of Usher free essay sample

Edgar Allen Poe, key background information is deliberately omitted. Poes signature gothic style and genius are all about the elements of imagery and suspense. Immediately the reader is on its toes waiting and wondering about information that is never revealed, while at the same time, the author unravels a story that makes them forget hey ever wanted or needed background. Reading between the lines of this story, however, reveals necessary details that allow glimpses at background information. For instance, Poe mentions that Roderick and the narrator are boon companions, in other words, best friends from childhood. The narrator does acknowledge that his friend was quite guarded, or reserved while they were young. Even at that, one would assume that the very basics would be known between friends, yet we learn that the narrator has never before been to the House of Usher, nor does he really know a lot about his friend. We will write a custom essay sample on Poe: In the Fall House of Usher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How could they have been so close growing up, but not visit one anothers homes; or know that your friend has a sister, let alone that she is a twin? The narrator also mentions an awareness of the strange lineage that makes up the familys ancestry, but seems aloof to the why or how it could be possible. It does not seem evident that the narrator knew of the sister prior to his visit. But upon learning of this and making the connection that incest was necessary to propel the family in the manner in which Poe suggests, parallels are clearly drawn. Assuming the family mansion is alive, one arallel is that the family and the house are feeding off of one another, as are the siblings. A sort of yin and yang effect where one is weak, the other thrives; one cannot exist without the other, perhaps. Poe certainly leaves a lot of interpretation up to the reader in his crafting of this story. Some noticeable ambiguities are: Is the house itself ill? If so, is it ill because of the familys impurities, or vice-versa? Are morality and mortality intertwined? Is the house evil or is it condemning? Do the siblings live in this dilapidated environment by choice, out of duty, by fate or of hame? However Poe intended it, it is clear that the house its inhabitants share the same ill features and whether or not the reader believes the house is possessed, or has powers or is alive, Roderick certainly does. By the end of the story, the narrator appears to believe this as well. The story needs no background because it centers on the current and twisted relationship that exists between the siblings. Behind the scenes, they may have had had an incestuous relationship, which appears to have not produced an heir. This of course is an assumption as it is never openly stated, ut implied when Usher mentions a tenderly beloved sister; his sole companion for long years†his last and only relative on earth. (Norton Anthology p. 692-693). Roderick goes on to imply that he could not bear living without her, should she pass. Even if they, themselves did not participate in such acts, they were presumably born of a long line of the same, which lends wonder to the genetic abnormalities which could possibly occur. While neither seems to have obvious physical deformities, it is question as to how much is inherent and how much is externally influenced. The narrator arrives at Usher House already confused as to why an old friend has suddenly called upon him. Poe allows the reader to experience the story at the same time as the narrator, who is shocked by what he sees in the house. He is also confused as to how someone could live this way and struggles to understand as the friends catch up. The narrator does seems to react as anyone would, trying to reassure his friend that he is imagining certain things and how the notion of fear can contradict reason and rationality. We all experience those types of moments. While eading a poem to Roderick in an attempt to calm him, strange sounds from lower in the house begin. It is at this point that the story turns for the narrator. We are afforded the unique opportunity to see the narrator on the cusp between his prior disbelief and belief. Are the sounds he is now hearing real or imagined? If this were a movie, it would be a good spot for a freeze frame while we listen to the thoughts of the narrator. For the narrator, time seems to stand still for a moment while he absorbs what is happening and tries to make sense of it and this is why he does othing. Both men are paralyzed in fear and perhaps now accepting that the sounds are real (to them). It is a chilling moment and for the reader, one Poe is able to translate well. To sum up why such potentially important matters about human relationships are sidestepped in this tale; what we think are important matters, may not be. There is more than meets the eye and THAT is what is important. Poe gives the reader scant background on an as-needed basis and does so flawlessly. He is able to heighten the initial suspense of the story almost before it begins.

Homogenizing The Homosexual Essays - Same-sex Sexuality,

Homogenizing The Homosexual On a hot June night in 1969 the sexual discourses of theology, law and psychology encountered resistance so strong that millions of lives were changed. In a small gay bar in New York, the regulars, an eclectic mix of drag queens, transexuals, effeminate men and butch women, offered up the most visible resistance ever witnessed to the relentless exercising of public power on their private lives. The three-day street riot, began by Stonewall patrons, spilled onto the front pages and television screens of a nation. The exposure placed the queen, queer and dyke in the living rooms, kitchens and supermarkets of straight America. The resistance of gays to the external and internal subjectification of themselves as sinners, sodomites and psychopaths began. Before this seminal event, gays were known, but their lives operated in the back streets and alleyways of urban life. They were invisible to mainstream North Americans and expected to stay in the shadows where their deviant bodies belonged. The patrons of the Stonewall bar lived at the precipice of gay life. Their adoption of cross dressing was an affront to prevailing sexual norms. Women in suits and men in scarves and chiffon were the most identifiable of deviants and they relished their disobedience. Strutting through urban nights they gleefully thumbed their noses at the heterosexual world. They embraced every stereotype and took the constitution of the gay subject to extremes. The visibility of these men and women made them easy targets for random displays of force by police. Haphazard attacks on gay bars and clubs instilled fear of the unknown. The visible cared little about the repercussions of these raids for they had nothing to lose. For this they were shunned by their gay brethren who viewed them as circus sideshow freaks. These queens, queers and dykes were dangerous. Their openness put ?average' gays at risk. The physical and verbal abuse by police, abandonment by families and lack of social opportunity experience by the most identifiable queers kept most of North America's gays firmly underground. Under the guises of religion, law and science, power was being exercised to keep gays marginalized and hidden. Most happily acquiesced. With the fear of verbal, physical or social reprisals looming large, they became prisoners of their own making in Michel Foucault's vision of panoptic power. Invisible gays continually surveyed themselves for any outward signs of their sin that would lead to public detection. With only the images and words of repressive discourses to constitute themselves, the invisible queers, internalized disgust and spent their lives under constant self-surveillance. These stifling conditions ignited the need for the relation of power between straights and gays to shift focus. Near domination and the excessive uses of force were producing an entropic situation in need of diversion to a more productive state. Stonewall provided the necessary response. Three nights of fighting, shouting and revelry that confounded police commanded the immediate attention of heterosexuals everywhere. More importantly it garnered the ?freaks' the respect and admiration of the millions of silent women and men across North America. For gays, a movement was being born and a new, more productive power structure was emerging. In the aftermath of Stonewall, many gays felt empowered to go public and change the repressive statutes that governed their lives. Collectively, the truth that they were not deviants to be beaten, souls to be saved or in need of psychiatry materialized. Nothing was wrong with their psychological or spiritual states. Claims of normalcy were becoming self evident through the eyes of the new scientific discourse of biology. No blame was to be laid nor pity bestowed, nature had made them. The prescience of this biological discourse laid the fertile ground for the exercising of Foucault's bio power upon the gay subject. The reduction of fear and militancy generated by the rioters helped to usher in the ascent of bio power. By giving gays the courage, legitimacy and collective will to move out of the shadows, Stonewall's riots gave bio power access to the private lives of gays. If their sexual nature was blameless then remaining cloaked kept them from participating as productive social beings. Out in the open bio power could classify, subjectify, survey and normalize the modern gay. To produce

French Revolution4 essays

French Revolution4 essays By the end of 1971, Europe was preparing to witness the end of a seemingly triumphant revolution in France. The country was restructuring its government in a forceful and bloodless manner, while the tyrant King Louis the XVI agreed to the demands of the masses (albeit without much choice). However, due to the fanatical aspirations of men such as Danton, Marat and Robespierre,it would be only a matter of months before the moderate stage of social and political reform was transformed into a radical phase of barbaric and violent force. In their quest for freedom, equality and fraternity, the leaders of the Jacobins inadvertently turned the revolution into an oligarchic dictatorship that threatened to destroy all that was achieved in the previous two years of insurrection. The revolution took a sharp turn on August 9th, 1792. The Municipal government was overthrown in Paris and a Commune was established by the leaders of the radical forces. During this time there were continual food riots erupting in every area of the country and, with the threat of war against Austria and Prussia looming, it was vital that order was to be maintained during such tumultuous times. Although the constitution was already enshrined and the citizens had their freedom and liberties, there was still plenty of public dissent and disapproval as to whether or not these laws would help create a new government and prevent the country from breaking apart. The people had come this far and were not prepared to watch their efforts lead to failure or the restoration of an absolute monarch. As a result, the radical forces were able to gain the support of the citizens in declaring that the constitution of 1791 was ineffective and useless since it did not suit the needs of ALL the population of France. Moderate forces preferred to concentrate on the foreign affairs of "new" France, b...

Odalisque, Harmony in Red Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Odalisque, Harmony in Red - Research Paper Example These paintings are infused with southern light, bright colors, and a profusion of decorative patterns. They emanate a hothouse atmosphere suggestive of a harem†.2 The painting’s dimension is noted as 15 1/8 x 21 5/8 in. (38.4 x 54.9cm). As exemplified through the title, the predominant colors seen in the painting are red, with other colors ranging from white, yellowish orange, lavender, shades of gray, pink, green, and brown. The focal image is the reclining figure of a woman, researched to be â€Å"Henriette Darricarrià ¨re (born 1901), a young woman skilled in the arts of ballet, piano, violin, and painting who lived near Matisses studio†. 3 Viewers are given a glimpse of the model’s exposed left breast; yet, the rest of her body as skimpily covered with a white thin overcoat. The model’s skin illuminates as she lounges in a peaceful stature with her eyes closed and her left arms raised where her hands are noted to rest just beneath her left cheeks. Both her ankles are adorned with foot anklets, one in green emerald color (right ankle) and the other in intermittent colors of yellow and brown. The background is predominantly red, with the walls seemingly covered in geometric triangular patterns. A gray side table rests beside the bed and another oval yellow table with similar decorative figure in the same shade positioned beside it. Matisse’s style in painting was noted to be diverse. As explicitly noted, â€Å"Matisses painting moves quite freely from one style to another, from an almost naturalist, contoured technique, in which the play of light and shade is translated into classic perspective, to a concept in which large flat areas of colour dispense with volume and offer themselves up for audacious ventures into geometric, even abstract, forms†. 4 The geometric patterns shown in the painting evidently proved the contoured technique and effectively manifested binges of naturalism and realism in